PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT ON LEPROSY

The disease leprosy is sometimes referred to as Hansen disease because of  physician Gerhard Armauer Hansen to whom it was named after. It became huge issues sometime ago as people referred to infected patients as unclean or unholy. Now even in a civilized world, people who called themselves educated beings still fall prey to leprosy. It was observed during research by the World Health Organization that most people believe leprosy is not just a medical disease but also spiritual or psychological affliction.

      Why do people ignore affected people?

1. Fear
2. Embarrassment
3. Confusion about the causes

This is due to the fact that many consider this disease coming from unclean people, fears of living around people with deformation and lesions. This is still happening in recent days, people don't go around victims because of the fear of getting infected with deformity and skin lesions. As far as we know, this disease is transferable even with a droplet from an untreated person.

Also, most people feel embarrassed to hang around with infected patients; they intend to separate them since they come from a respected community and don't want to be overlooked. The victim could be a friend, relatives, colleagues, but they still don't reconsider.  Recent case study shows  hundreds of families push out their infected family member to shabby environments often times abandoning them.

I had a chance to visit an abandoned environment made up mainly of people with leprosy, and realized how cruel the world could be.

There are a whole bunch of infected people being left here. Some from very good homes. A wife was left there for almost 4 years without a visit from her husband. All she gets from him is groceries delivered every month, others family have left them completely. Many other family members were left there because it was unbearable for them to see peers look down on them.

Various Reasons

People felt the need for their patient to be taken care of by someone who is more qualified and can tolerate them. Various reasons were brought out as people were being denied public assistance because they had infected persons as a family and friends. Highly educated people were losing respect for having a relative being infected. There was a sad case about an old lady whose family thinks she is cursed or is a witch. We all know leprosy is curable depending on early treatment, right?

Infected patient are deprived freedom, their rights to own even their property. They lose control by such with affects them internally giving them trauma, delusions.  Victims can lose everything including loved ones. Studies revealed

• Sudan 
• Nepal
• China
• United States
• Brazil 

These are the most affected countries in 2005 by WHO. It further stretched that the disease is not contagious and it’s treatable. It is just like any other diseases and should be paid attention to but is often overlooked when compared to other diseases like HIV and cancer.

In 2005 some countries suggested that those infected should put on identical clothing just so they will be singled out for being infected. Others complained about this practice because they felt uncomfortable and didn't want to be looked down on by their peers. Few of them were willing to abide by this.


Many innocent infected people including children who are suffering with fear, shame, denial, lack of self respect  and they have nobody to motivate them. They find themselves being alone. They feel so down and it’s really hard for them to even speak to anybody when visiting any leprosy missionary camp.They often do not want to be interviewed or being sited. Some respectably believe the disease is a cause of punishment from God for their sins.

Leprosy was mentioned in the Bible with man being healed from it as soon as he called on Jesus Christ when he was passing by him. This is where most believers come in and help the leprosy cause.


WHO


With the help of World Health Organization, ideas and information are widely spread to educate people both infected and uninfected on how to overcome the fear and how they can control the disease. They made further analysis that the disease has no effect on the brain. There are more researchers and scientist trying to convince people who are not infected to help. Leprosy is still a serious issue and people who get afflicted often try to end their lives.

Suicides are commonly found in communities because of the rejection given to infected victims by public or by relatives and family.  It is about time we express great desire and help poor people with Leprosy. They need to be attended to and well taken care of until we can eradicate this disease.

OBSTACLES THAT AFFECT COMMUNICATION IN A COMMUNITY OR INDIVIDUAL

Communication is the process by which information is transferred and received from one individual or group to another, both within and outside the organization. It can take place either by verbal or non verbal form and uses a number of different channels to transmit the message. Some of the most common forms of communication include:

·         Written communication

·         Oral communication

·         Non verbal communication

·         Visual communication

Again, are made possible via electronic techniques. All these channels have their distinct advantages and disadvantages associated to them and must be used accordingly. Communication is also processes that enable us to learn about others via sharing experiences and passing information which establish and builds relationship being domestic, social or business and professionals.

Therefore, effective communication skills are required throughout our lifetime in order to achieve the following:

1.       Effective communication skills helps to build relationship internally and externally with individuals and groups when being transferred.

2.       To share ideas and values on work specific issues.

3.       To negotiate matters.

4.       To discuss personal or professional matters such as remuneration and other higher or lower level factors that may be affecting the group.

5.       To motivates interest and stimulates employees.

6.       To create awareness of the organization’s product or services and to persuade the external market as well.

7.       To receives feedback in other to monitor whether the communication was understood and the reaction of the recipient of the message.

OBSTACLES

It means something that prevents advancement or access. Therefore, communication barriers refers to anything that affects the free flow of information from one individual or group to another. This may happen due to the following factors,

Emotions: Communication barrier may occur when a person has some fear, feelings or any attitude that may affect the interpretation of the information. For instance, if a person has a negative attitude towards another person, any idea or suggestion put up by that person may be considered a negative and vice-versa.

Physical Destruction: When communication is being passed at a noisy environment such as an office being close to a factory or a mechanical typing pool, the probability of the sound of the message being killed is high in an instant when the message is being transmitted in an oral form. Furthermore, faulty transmission equipment such as unclear telephones lines and broken down fax machines can impede an effective flow of communication.

Poor use of Language: Incorrect spelling, pronunciations, interpretation, impression and general language differences will create a negative impact on the message when is being transferred to another person or a group as it may lead to the difficulty in the understanding of the whole message.

Lack of Interest: In a situation whereby the receiver of the message does not have any interest or less interest in the matter, less attention or no attention will be given to the message passed out as the one sees no impact the message will generate to him/her. 

 

Failure to Pass the Message: It becomes a communication obstacle when a manager or a leader of a team or any organization fails to pass the message on to his subordinates. As there is no transfer of information from one person to another to receive, it means no communication has taken place.  

Group Size Too Large: Where the group size is too large or where there is a large span of control, it becomes very difficult to carry the message across to everyone in the group. It becomes an impediment to effective communication flow in the presence of murmuring and lack of attention associated with large group of people as it may kill the sound of the message.

 

Selective Listening: In a situation whereby the receiver of the message adopts to the habit of selective listening, that is only picking what he thinks essentials and concerns him, he will gather information that would have little overall impact.

Improper Organizational Structure: Where the channel of information flow is not clearly defined, it becomes difficult for the subordinate to identify which channel to use under various circumstances 

Cultural Differences: This is a situation whereby an individual finds him/herself in a different environment or in a community mixed up with different culture. You can see this in the photo below.

These factors mentioned above have strong effect and may occur anywhere, either in a countries, firms, communities or in various homes. There is a need to check our communication aspect whenever we engage into one so it might not complicate things.

 

INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEMS AS A TOOL FOR CHECKING FRAUD IN RURAL AND COMMUNITY BANKS

The economic downturn that has affected the major world economies such as 

• Unites States of America
• Japan
• China
• United Kingdom
• Germany
• European countries 

came about because of laxity and non-enforcement of accountability requirements which undermine internal control systems. These systems were supposed to serve as warnings to Board of Directors and Managers of rural and community banks (RCBs) and the survival of their banks depend squarely on effective internal control systems.

The upsurge of fraudulent activities in the rural banking industry in recent times according to Bank of Ghana and ARB Apex Bank on-site examination reports collaborated by various External Auditors and Management reports that huge deposits mobilized by Rural Banks amounting to GHc343.89 million and loans and advances of GHc224.69 million as captured in the December 2008 ARB Apex Bank Limited efficiency monitoring report underlines the need for the institutionalization of Internal Control Systems as a mandatory requirement for continuous operations. 

The Banking Act 2004 which is supposed to regulate the operations of banks in the country was formulated purely for the Commercial and Universal banks with little or no thought of the Rural and Community Banks.

 

This has led to a situation where the Board of Directors and Senior Management in most cases take decisions that favor their personal interests thereby defeating the convention of accountability expected of stewards.

The collapses of Bank for Housing and Construction and Ghana Cooperative Bank in the late 1990’s are largely attributable to weak internal control systems.  To prevent the collapse of the rural bank system, it is imperative on the Central Bank to act as a regulator to formulate guidelines to deal with some identified causes of fraud in rural banks as stated below:

·         Poor conditions of service/inadequate rewards

·         Lack of non-adherence to Human Resource Policies and Practices

·         Low or non-participation of Board of Directors or Audit Committee in periodic review of systems, procedures and practices to ascertain compliance level

·         Lack of timely flow of information across the organization

·        Nepotism, cronyism, and favoritism on the part of directors and senior Management in the recruitment and placement of staff

·         Conflict of interest on the part of directors in decision-making

Workers at Banks have access to client's information like account numbers, security codes and much more. Banks are known to handle billions belonging to individuals or an organization. This act of internal control helps reduces the chance of employees allegedly misusing customer’s money and/or getting involved in the act of stealing.

 

Many things are considered in this case to reduce the amount of money spent on solving these issues. Moreover, money spent cannot be retrieved which makes Banks reluctant to spend much on it. Banks set up a committee to help federal agency to help check for fraudulent acts. This committee is set secretly to investigate every transaction made in the Bank.

This committee is to control regulatory of actions, these are some elements of Internal Control listed below:

1.      Risk Assessment

2.      Control Activity

3.      Monitoring

I intend to demonstrate that the existence of the above weaknesses and practices that facilitate fraud in Rural Banks.

Fresh Escort in Town Looking for a Place to Post My Ad

Hello folks, I'm a 23 year old girl currently living in Denver,Colorado. You can call me Anna. I used to strip but now I'm trying new things. I was introduced to the escort business by a friend and it seems like it's a great way to earn some extra money and something I'd like to try. I have to place some ads
to increase my chances of being known and to get some clients.


Where Do I Begin?

I have been on an adult dating site ever since I was 18 years. They are so much alike you can hardly tell the difference and it's difficult deciding which one to choose. I placed my profile on a few of them but they tend to be fruitless. There are some complications whereby some men try to be pervs or try to date me for free.

Well I did some digging this time and it turns out there are some other adult sites which provide more convenient browsing systems and cater to guys looking for escorts. I thought these four out of the hundreds adult sites online were the best and gave me the opportunity to meet some new clients.

1. eros.com
2. cityvibe.com
3. backpage.com
4. adultsearch.com

The layout of this site is really cool. All things erotic. How does that sound? It has some real photos of escorts showing their best features. I can say the site is attractive but I find it a little bit complicated. Even though it is a nationwide network, there are only four countries involved and I'm looking for guys all over the world.

• Caribbean
• Canada
• United Kingdom
• United States

There are too many features to choose from for someone new like me. First I have to search through the countries and then choose the city and states. They have a VIP escort section which I was willing to try, but it seems like your profile doesn't just show up on the VIP page.

I'm wondering how fast someone will get to my page without going through all these cities and states. I'm not downing this site but I want maximum exposure and I feel my profile is being hidden. It would be easier if the categories were short listed to make it simple for my admires. Anyway I'm still a member and would strongly consider re-posting my ad here.






I got the chance to sign up at this site too. It is interesting because it shows people who are online in real time. This is a great feature so you can see my photo anytime I'm online and available. The pages refresh constantly when there are a whole bunch of people browsing and it can be hard to get to me since the photos keep moving. Anyway just so you will know who I am on this site, check out my profile pic and book me when you can get to me.

This site is new to me and I find it a little confusing. The easiest way to find me is to type my name in the search column provided and it should take you directly to me. There are a whole lots of listings on this site that cater to specific wants and needs. The site offers:

• Premium Listings
• Casual Encounter
• BDSM
• Sugar Baby
• Body Scrubs
• TS/TV

This site has a lot of advertisements to sort through. I get bored easily sometimes but am still figuring it all out since I'm new. I was hoping to find a simple site where i can just upload my photos without going through so many procedures just to be an escort.







Honestly, I really got confused with this site. At first i was wondering if it was an adult site or just some joke. I had to take my time and glance through every category until I found the adult panel. There are various categories including Musicians, Jobs Vacancies, Buy and Sell, Trade, Community, Forums, Services, etc. All the categories had sub-categories which I found very irritating. I was kinda furious until i saw the Adult section which gave me some hope.

The adult section has sub-categories too:

• Escorts
• Body Scrubs
• Doms and Fetish
• Strippers and Strip Clubs

I chose  the escort option which took me to a disclaimer page providing some Terms of Use. I couldn't believe it. Well since I'm trying to enhance my escort business, i still took my time to click every single ad posted there to see what the site is about. This site seems to be more about selling products like sexual enhancement products rather than escorts like me.

Who needs sexual enhancement when there are escorts like me available? I really don't find this site interesting. I just think it's a waste of time but i still signed up since I'm new to this business and need more clients.

This site bears an attractive name and it deserves it. I took a longer time reading through every single post there. It really looks interesting! The page is well created, organized and easy to search through. It was easy to signed up without any complications and my profile is always seen on the page whenever am online. It provides everything you need. The site has various adult-related categories and sub-categories. For instance:

Adult Website

• Adult Websites

Discussion Forums

• General Talk
• Escorts
• Adult Stores

Erotic Massage and Reviews

•   Erotic massage parlors

Sex Tourism

• Cyprus
• Hungary
• Malaysia
• Panama
• Philippines

There are many other categories as well. They pinpoint some top stripper clubs around each state so it is easy to tell my clients where to hook up. This is my profile picture there just in case you lonely and would like to meet up. I can escort you anywhere as a companion or date.

Final Decision


As I tried to sign up for these sites, I came to realize there are a whole lot of differences between them. My deepest regret was to sign up for backpage.com even though it is enhanced with various options, it wasn't good for me. Each site has its own unique categories and features. I can honestly say that my favorite site was AdultSearch.com.

I signed up for them all and placed an ad, but I will likely stick with AdultSearch.com since it was easy to navigate and seems to be the best option for adults only related searches. I think I'm going to find a good group of guys on this site and hope to see you all soon!! <3 ;-) <3 <3 :-)